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50. Which of the following is an example of humoral immunity? A. Cytokine storm B. Phagocytic immune response C. Autocrine loop D. Lymphocyte production of antibodies

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Step 1/2

D. Lymphocyte production of antibodies is an example of humoral immunity.

Explanation:

Option D, "Lymphocyte production of antibodies," refers to the process by which B lymphocytes (B cells) produce and secrete antibodies as part of the humoral immune response.

Explanation:

Explanation:

The humoral immune response is a crucial component of the adaptive immune system. It involves the production of specific antibodies that can recognize and bind to foreign substances known as antigens. B cells, which are a type of white blood cell, are responsible for generating these antibodies.

Explanation:

Explanation:

When an antigen enters the body, such as a bacterium or a virus, it is recognized by B cells that have specific receptors on their surface. The B cell engulfs the antigen and processes it, presenting small fragments of the antigen on its surface to interact with helper T cells. This interaction activates the B cell, leading to its proliferation and differentiation.

Explanation:

Explanation:

During differentiation, the B cell develops into plasma cells, which are specialized antibody-secreting cells. Plasma cells produce large quantities of antibodies that are specific to the encountered antigen. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins that circulate in the blood and other body fluids.

Explanation:

Explanation:

Antibodies have a Y-shaped structure, with two identical antigen-binding sites at the tips of the Y. These binding sites can recognize and bind to specific antigens, effectively marking them for destruction or neutralization. By binding to antigens, antibodies can prevent them from infecting cells, activate other components of the immune system to eliminate the antigen, or facilitate the removal of the antigen by phagocytes.

Explanation:

Explanation:

The production of antibodies by B cells is an essential mechanism of humoral immunity, as it provides a specific and targeted response to foreign antigens. This process allows the immune system to recognize and neutralize a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances.

Step 2/2

Let's go through the other options and explain why they are not examples of humoral immunity:

A. Cytokine storm: A cytokine storm is an exaggerated and dysregulated immune response characterized by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It typically occurs in response to severe infections or certain diseases. While cytokines play a role in immune responses, a cytokine storm is not specific to humoral immunity. It involves the release of various immune signaling molecules and is not directly related to the production of antibodies by B cells.

B. Phagocytic immune response: The phagocytic immune response involves the activity of phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, which engulf and destroy pathogens or foreign particles. This response is a part of the innate immune system, which provides immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens. It does not involve the production of antibodies by B cells, which is a hallmark of humoral immunity.

C. Autocrine loop: An autocrine loop refers to a feedback mechanism in which a cell secretes signaling molecules that bind to receptors on its own surface, triggering a response. While autocrine loops can occur in various biological processes, they are not directly related to humoral immunity. Humoral immunity specifically involves the production and secretion of antibodies by B cells.

Final Answer

In summary, the correct answer is D, "Lymphocyte production of antibodies," as it accurately represents an example of humoral immunity. The other options are not related to the production of antibodies by B cells and do not align with the concept of humoral immunity.

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